Imperialism Art Music and Dance in Belgium Belgium Music During Imperialism
Belgium
Orientation
Identification. Gallia Belgica was the Romans' name for the northern part of Gaul, the northern limit of their empire. In early modern times, the name was used as an erudite synonym for the Low Countries. After the 1830 revolution and the establishment of an independent kingdom, Belgium became the official name of the country.
Location and Geography. The country is located at the western finish of the northern European obviously, covering an surface area of 11,780 foursquare miles (30,510 square kilometers); the neighboring states are France, Grand duchy of luxembourg, Frg, and holland. The two master rivers are the Schelde and the Meuse, both of which begin in French republic and menses toward kingdom of the netherlands. The land rises progressively toward the due south. Flanders (northern office of the country) is less hilly than Wallonia (southern part). The German-speaking population lives at the borders with Frg and Grand duchy of luxembourg. Discoveries of coal in the hills of northern Wallonia led to the early industrialization of the area.
Demography. Kingdom of belgium is one of the virtually urbanized and densely inhabited countries in the world with most 97 percent of the 10 one thousand thousand inhabitants living in cities in 2000. Brussels, the capital, has approximately 1 million residents, and the 2d city, Antwerp, has half a million. The central and northern parts of the country are covered by a dense network of medium-size and small cities, and people may live in one metropolis and work in another. Around 55 per centum of the population lives in Flemish region, 35 percent in Wallonia, and x per centum in Brussels.
The nation's cultural diversity has been enriched by international and local clearing. The high numbers of Flemish names in the south and Walloon names in the n indicate long time internal mobility. In the last hundred years the near important immigrant groups were Jews who form a sizable community in Antwerp; Poles, who came in the early 1930s and after the fall of communism; Italians (in the 1930s and 1950s); and Northward Africans and Turks, who arrived in the 1960s. There are many contempo immigrants from other countries in the European union also as many expatriates working in or around European Union institutions and NATO headquarters. The percentage of noncitizens in the population is loftier at xv per centum nationally and 28 percent in Brussels.
Linguistic Amalgamation. The master languages are Dutch and French; they are also the joint official languages. Although German language is also recognized equally the 3rd national language, information technology is not used ofttimes in the national assistants. French was introduced as the language of the political aristocracy by feudal lords of French origin, particularly the dukes of Burgundy, who choose Brussels every bit their main urban center of residence. In the eighteenth century, French was widely adopted past the bourgeoisie, and in 1830, information technology was adopted equally the official language. Through didactics and social promotion, French replaced the local dialects in Wallonia and Brussels, only it was not as widely adopted in Flanders.
In Wallonia, a series of Romance dialects rather than a single linguistic communication were widely spoken simply never had official condition. Brussels was originally a Flemish city, just the influence of French has e'er been strongest here, and only a tenth of the population speak Dutch.
The language spoken in Flanders is Dutch, which is commonly chosen Flemish. The Taalunie, an official establishment, guarantees the international unity of the Dutch linguistic communication. There is a great diversity of Flemish dialects which differ in vocabulary and pronunciation. French is still spoken in Flanders by some people in the upper and upper middle
Belgium
classes equally well as forth the linguistic border and around Brussels. The presence of important Francophone minorities in some parts of Flanders has been the source of political conflicts and led in the 1980s to the resignation of several primal governments.
Symbolism. Political symbolism differs with the region and the sociopolitical environment. The strongest national symbols are the Monarchy and the national soccer team. The national anthem, the Brabançonne , is not taught in schools and not widely known. The original vocal, written during the revolution of 1830, exalted the revolt confronting the "arbitrary" ability of the Dutch king. Information technology was later on changed to a milder version that placed obedience to male monarch and law on the same footing as liberty. Symbols are more numerous and more powerful in the Flemish political culture than in the other parts of the land or the nation as a whole.
Much of the mythology in Flemish region involves the Lion of Flanders. The lion has been the symbol of the counts of Flanders since the Crusades, and became the symbol of Flemish emancipation since independence.
The oldest elements of Flemish symbolism were developed equally Belgian "myths" before the emergence of the Flemish motion. A successful fourteenth-century revolt of cities in the quondam county of Flanders against a count from the French royal family became an expression of early Flemish/Belgian nationalism. The Flemish national twenty-four hour period celebrates the victory of the Flemish militias over the royal French army at the Battle of the Golden Spurs, named subsequently the trophies nerveless from slain French knights. The Flemish national anthem (the Vlaamse leeuw ) was composed in 1847. It was adopted as the Flemish movement's anthem in 1900 and became the official canticle of the Flemish community in 1973. Other strong Flemish symbols are the National Vocal Feast (ANZ) held annually in Antwerp since the early on 1930s, in which Flemish songs are mixed with modern expressions of civilization.
On the last Sunday of August, the Flemish movement gathers in a pilgrimage at Globe War I battlefields. Because of the Christian roots of the Flemish movement, the master slogan associated with this has a potent religious connotation. The Walloon movement borrowed the rooster from French republic every bit a cultural symbol. The Francophone community celebrates its national 24-hour interval on 21 September, but it is not emphasized heavily, and an canticle was not adopted until 1999.
In the Middle Ages, Brussels adopted Saint Michael killing the dragon as its patron saint and glaze of arms. Even so, when Brussels became a separate region, its leaders felt they had to find symbols to back up the separate identity of the region. They chose the iris and gear up the regional commemoration day in the menstruum in which that flower blossoms.
History and Ethnic Relations
Emergence of the Nation. Although the proper name of the modern country refers to the original Celtic inhabitants after the Roman conquest in 44 B.C.Due east. , the population was Romanized and adopted the Latin linguistic communication. Latin gave rise to a series of dialects including, in the southern role of the country, the Walloon dialects. The name "Walloon" derives from a Germanic word meaning "foreign," and refers to the Roman Empire.
Flemish culture came to northern Belgium as a consequence of the Germanic invasions of the fourth century. In the primal and southern regions, the Germanic invaders formed small-scale kingdoms and adopted their subjects' culture.
Until the eighth century, conquests and divisions modified the borders of these kingdoms. The last partitioning took place at the treaty of Verdun (843) between the grandsons of Charlemagne, who divided the Holy Roman Empire into iii parts, of which the primal part, Lotharingia, encompassed the territories between the Netherlands and Italy, including present-mean solar day Belgium. However, Lotharingia was absorbed into the German language Empire, and the idea of a country between France and the German Empire did not resurface until the fourteenth century. The Burgundian princes inherited, conquered, bought, or received in dowry well-nigh of the fiefs constituting the Netherlands, Belgium, and northern and eastern France. They established their court in Brussels and brought the French language to their states. The possessions of the dukes of Burgundy were inherited past the Habsburg dynasty in 1477.
In the middle of the sixteenth century, a religious civil war led to the division of the Depression Countries into 2 parts. The north became the Netherlands, a Dutch-speaking, Protestant state. The south remained Catholic and was associated with the Habsburg dynasty until the French conquest in 1794. Under the Habsburg rulers, the use of Flemish progressively declined, merely the position of French was reinforced during the French administration (1794–1814).
Subsequently the defeat of Napoleon, the Congress of Vienna established the the netherlands, including present-twenty-four hour period Belgium. However, the policy of Rex Willem I van Oranje Nassau (1772– 1843) of favoring the Dutch language and the Protestant religion, led to the revolution of 1830, afterward which Belgium became independent.
National Identity. The Belgian state stipulated freedom of language in its constitution. However, partially as a reaction confronting the pro-Dutch policy of Willem I, French became the de facto country language. The new government made it the language of administration and education, hoping that it would supercede Flemish, Walloon, and German dialects. A Flemish revival initiated by members of the lower clergy and some intellectuals (the then-called Flemish movement) led, over the next ii centuries in Flanders, to the progressive replacement of French by Flemish as the linguistic communication of teaching, justice, and assistants.
In the nineteenth century, the Flemish cultural heritage was an important ground for the definition of a Belgian identity, emphasizing the religious divergence with kingdom of the netherlands and the wars with French republic. Thus, the growth of the Flemish movement weakened the feeling of national identity not only in Flemish region but in the unabridged land, leading to the growth of a distinct Brussels identity.
Ethnic Relations. The rehabilitation of the Flemish language met with potent resistance from the Francophone establishment and political parties. The "linguistic question" has been the source of political tension for more than a century. In reaction to the Flemish movement, a Walloon movement emerged, generally linked to the Francophone socialist party. Although the Flemish are the majority population, the Flemish political parties have promoted reforms to protect their language against perceived Francophone domination.
Another Flemish grievance came from the emigration of Francophone inhabitants of Brussels to the surrounding Flemish villages, subsequently which inflation in real estate prices made it incommunicable for the original Flemish population to stay. The main problem from the Flemish point of view is that the Francophone "migrants" do not acquire Dutch but continue to live and piece of work in French-speaking environments and send their children to French schools in Brussels. The Flemish "police force of the land" holds that newcomers have to learn the official language
The three-day carnival at Binche, near Mons, is held merely before Lent. During the Gilles funfair men dressed in bright costumes lead participants. The bulk of Belgians are Cosmic.
of the region. The Francophone population appeals to an individual's rights to speak the language of ane'southward choice, and resents administrative measures favoring the Dutch language in communes situated in Flanders where Francophones constitute 80 pct of the population. More more often than not, French speakers resent the suppression of French in public administration, public and private education, church building services, and concern relations. They stress the rights granted to the Flemish minority in Brussels and the piffling humiliations faced by the Francophones in the Flemish suburbs. The Flemish feel that their rights in Brussels are justified because that urban center is the capital of the Flemish region also as the Belgian state. Near conflicts along the ethnocultural cleavage are fought at the level of politicians, whereas the relations between the population groups remain peaceful.
The main threat to peaceful indigenous relations comes from the extreme-rightist parties, particularly the Vlaams Blok, which thrives on resentment confronting immigrant communities and the national state. The Vlaams Blok has also recruited some of the virtually radical elements of the Flemish movement. The ascent of the extremist party was historically fabricated possible past the ambiguous attitude of many mainstream Flemish politicians and journalists toward the wartime collaboration of a fraction of the Flemish move with Nazi Germany. Collaboration in Wallonia was equivalent but was not linked to anything similar to the Flemish movement.
The extreme right in Wallonia has always been fragmented into very small parties, with little political influence. Withal, 1 of the main points of the Vlaams Blok, the resentment of the influence of the other language community, is too a major point in the plan of the FDF political party.
Urbanism, Architecture, and the Utilize of Space
Kingdom of belgium is essentially a country of medium-size and small cities, many with long histories. In the central parts of these cities, rows of terraced houses are built among a network of ancient churches and marketplaces. Opulent buildings oftentimes feature a Belfry in the central marketplace, or, as in Brussels, a metropolis hall and corporation houses.
In nineteenth century, many working-class cities were congenital in mining and industrial areas. In some cities, new middle-course suburbs were linked to urban centers by large avenues. The stylistic peak of this expansion is illustrated by the Art Nouveau houses built by Victor Horta. In the showtime one-half of the twentieth century, garden cities were built to provide humane lodgings for the working classes. Today, as the population continues to leave the fundamental cities, one-family houses are organized in small suburban villages.
There is some contrast between the due north and s in the employ of traditional, rural spaces. While the north has many isolated farms betwixt villages, the southern farms tend to be grouped in villages on both sides of a road.
Food and Economy
Food in Daily Life. Breadstuff and potatoes are the traditional staple foods. Most meals include, pork, chicken, or beef, and Seafood is popular in the northern role of the state. The national drink is beer, but wine is imported in big quantities. In northern cities, popular dishes include mussels with fries and waterzooi a broth of vegetables and meat or fish. Throughout the state, French fries are eaten with steaks or minced raw meat. Cooking is traditionally done with butter rather than oil; there is likewise a loftier consumption of dairy products. Immigration has ensured a diversity of "ethnic" restaurants and is gradually changing the eating habits of the residents in culturally mixed areas.
Food Customs at Ceremonial Occasions. Christmas is an occasion for large family meals with grandparents and cousins. In that location are many other occasions for long meals at public and private celebrations, such as weddings, funerals, and the days devoted to metropolis and parish saints. Pastries are associated with religious and civil occasions. At Christmas, people consume sweet bread in the course of the child Jesus; at Easter, children are told that eggs are dropped in the gardens by flying churchbells; and sugar beans are distributed to those who visit a young mother.
Basic Economy. Belgium is heavily dependent on foreign trade. Since the closing of its coal mines in the 1960s, the country has had to import most of its fuel, although it is an important producer of nuclear free energy. Although less and then three percent of the population is involved in agriculture, farm production is very intensive. The southern part of the state has not recovered from the endmost down of steel plants and coal mines; the economy of the northward, traditionally based on trade and textile manufacturing, has fared better.
Commercial Activities. Kingdom of belgium is considered the world's diamond capital. The almanac turnover of the diamond manufacture was about $23 billion (U.S.) in 1996 and contributed nearly $3 billion (U.South.) to the Belgian economy. Belgium is also an important producer of several industrial minerals, including limestone, dolomite, whiting, sodium sulfate, silica sand, and marble. Livestock raising is the most of import single sector of Belgian agriculture, accounting for over sixty per centum of agricultural production. In 1998 in that location were about three.two one thousand thousand head of cattle, 7.iv million hogs, 147,000 sheep, and 22,000 horses. Belgian farmers breed some of the finest typhoon horses in the world, including the famous Percherons.
Major Industries. Manufacture, highly developed in Belgium, is devoted mainly to the processing of imported raw materials into semifinished and finished products, most of which are and then exported. Steel product is the single most important sector of industry, with Kingdom of belgium ranking high among earth producers of iron and steel. In 1998, Kingdom of belgium produced 342,000 tons of crude copper. The country also produces pregnant amounts of crude zinc and crude atomic number 82. The bulk of metallic articles consists of heavy machinery, structural steelwork, and industrial equipment. The railroad equipment industry supplies one of the most extensive railroad systems in Europe. The textile industry, dating from the Eye Ages, produces cottons, woolens, linens, and synthetic fibers. The chemical industry articles a wide range of products, from heavy chemicals and explosives to pharmaceuticals and photographic supplies.
Trade. Belgium is heavily dependent on trade, mostly with neighboring European countries (76 percent of exports and 71 per centum of imports are with EU partners). More than one-half the free energy is nuclear produced, which makes the land less dependent on imports of fossil fuels. Nigh of the trade, for imports equally for exports, is in machinery, chemicals and metal products. An exception is the important place of cut diamonds in exports. In the past decade, an increasing number of spin-offs of universities has reinforced Belgian exports in high-tech products.
Segmentation of Labor. Less than 60 percent of the population was employed as of 1999, including nineteen.5 per centum in part-time jobs. The repartition in sectors is as follows: 73 percent in services, 25 per centum in manufacture, and ii per centum in agriculture.
People stroll around the botanical gardens in Brussels.
Social stratification
Classes and Castes. At that place is a relatively even distribution of wealth, with v to 6 percent living close to the poverty line. The bulk of the population is middle class. The vast majority has equal opportunities for instruction and a professional life. In that location is a very inclusive social security system.
Deep societal cleavages have led to the construction of "pillars," integrated social structures based on ideology. Although "pillarization" is becoming less important in social life, its influence is clearly noticeable. These pillars encompass every aspect of societal life, including youth, sports and leisure movements, education at all levels, trade unions, wellness funds, newspapers, and political parties. The three principal pillars are the Christian-democrat colonnade, the socialist pillar, and the liberal pillar. Until the 1990s, the positions of these pillars were mutually agreed on and anchored through a complex organisation of "political nominations" in which people with a philosophical affiliation to one of the pillars were appointed to key societal positions as magistrates, top public officials, and leaders of state-controlled companies. The public is turning confronting this aspect of the pillars, only their influence and power are considerable, specially when their interests are challenged.
The major cleavages are ethnocultural (Flemish speakers versus Francophones), philosophical (the church versus liberals) and economic. The importance of these cleavages has inverse over fourth dimension, ofttimes leading to the establishment of new coalitions.
Symbols of Social Stratification. Wealth is nigh oftentimes expressed through houses and cars. In full general, at that place are few external behavioral course markers. The upper classes act discreetly, and people make trivial distinction betwixt classes or social strata. Exceptions sometimes appear in youth culture, where style tin can plow into a ways of social distinction.
Political life
Government. Belgium is a federal state, consisting of its three language communities that are responsible for the control of culture and education, and its three regions that are responsible for decision-making the economic evolution, infrastructure, and environment. In Flanders, the institutions of the Dutch-speaking community and the Flemish region have merged, leaving the country with half-dozen governments and six parliaments. This complex structure has resulted from the increasing federalization of the land, which in turn has resulted from the demands
The market square in Bruges. In that location are numerous indigenous restaurants in Kingdom of belgium, due to immigration.
for more cultural autonomy in each language customs, also every bit demands for control over local economic development.
The political system is based on discussion and compromise between different interest groups. The term "Belgian compromise" applies to solutions reached in this way: circuitous issues are settled by conceding something to every party. The resulting agreements ofttimes exit room for interpretation due to their complexity.
Leadership and Political Officials. The major political parties are the Liberals, Socialists, and Christian-Democrats, complemented by regionalist parties equally the VolksUnie and the extreme right-fly Vlaams Blok in Flanders. Their Francophone counterpart is the Front Démocratique des Francophones (FDF). In some communes on the linguistic border and in Brussels, Francophone and Flemish parties course cross-political union lists such as Union des Francophones (UF) or Samen. The green parties entered the federal authorities coalition in 1999. All political parties (with the exception of the regionalist parties), take evolved from unitary parties into a Flemish party and a Walloon political party since the 1970s. Politicians ofttimes rising through the pillars, generally in Flemish region; in Wallonia and Brussels, on the other hand, politicians ordinarily accept a stronger local base, often as mayors. The few independent candidates with political potential are quickly recruited past the parties.
Social Problems and Control. Policing and the judiciary are organized at the national level. After a major constabulary reform in 1999, there will be one police force with dominance to operate in the entire nation. Delays in handling cases in Brussels are often related to a lack of bilingual magistrates. In contempo years, noncombatant patrols without legal powers of intervention have come into being, but their function is mainly to deter robbers.
Breezy social control is much stronger in pocket-size villages and towns than it is in large cities. Organized crime is rare except in drug trafficking, prostitution, and illegal immigration. Organized offense is by and large controlled past strange criminals such as the Russian mafia. There are relatively few murders and armed robberies. The most common crime is property theft.
Military Action. Belgium is a member of NATO, and its military forces have been completely integrated into the brotherhood. The armed forces has to alive with tight budgets, and military expenditure is seen equally a necessity, not a source of national pride. The military is professional person and divide from the rest of society and is subject to potent parliamentary command.
Social Welfare and Modify Programs
A series of Public Centers of Social Assistance (CPAS) be in the cities, supporting impoverished residents. A ministry of social promotion supports initiatives for the reduction of inequality.
Nongovernmental Organizations and Other Associations
Belgium hosts many international organizations and hundreds of lobbying-groups, but their presence has lilliputian direct touch on on social life. The almost influential organizations are the Cosmic Church and its affiliates and social organizations related to the pillars, such every bit trade unions.
Gender Roles and Statuses
Sectionalization of Labor by Gender. The occupational gender gap is decreasing, particularly among younger generations (67.5 percentage of men working versus fifty.2 percent of women working). In fact, the higher occupational charge per unit of women is due to an increase in function-time jobs in services: less than 3 percent of men work part-time, but nearly 30 percent of women exercise.
The Relative Status of Men and Women. The unemployment rate in (1999) was slightly lower for men than for women. The wage differentials between men and woman are the everyman in the European Union, with women earning on average 91 percent of a human's salary.
Wedlock, Family unit and Kinship
Marriage. There are no social or ethnic barriers to marriage, although proximity and social models influence the choice of a spouse. Young people marry and take children less often and later than quondam generations did. The divorce rate has increased to about one in 3 marriages.
Domestic Unit. The domestic unit usually is equanimous of the parents and up to 3 children, although immigrants from North Africa oft have more children. Women still practice more of the domestic work, but this is perceived as a thing of negotiation past the couple.
Inheritance. In the absence of a will, the children inherit as from a deceased parent. However, if one spouse survives the other, he or she keeps the unabridged manor. The law limits the proportion of the estate that tin be disposed of by will, depending on the number of children.
Kin Groups. The extension of the family group more often than not is limited to commencement cousins. However, there are a growing number of family associations in the upper and middle classes through which the descendants of an individual get together once or twice a year.
Socialization
Child Rearing and Pedagogy. The values parents attempt to transmit to their children are honesty, good manners, tolerance, and responsibility, only there are regional and class differences. Obedience and cleanliness are considered nearly important in Flanders and among workers, the unemployed, and shopkeepers; loyalty and courage are important in Wallonia; and independence and autonomy are more appreciated in Brussels and amongst university graduates, executives, civil servants and shopkeepers. The trend, however, shows a weakening of these oppositions, most notably between religious and difficult work values in Flanders and socialist values in Wallonia.
Since 1956 all public and private schools have been supported by the country, and instruction is virtually free. In theory, admission to the best schools depends on grades, language, location, and social position influence parental choice. Children must remain in full-time didactics until age xvi and in part-fourth dimension until age eighteen.
College Education. In arts, business, instructor preparation, and nursing, college education is organized outside universities. Education is federalized and is conducted in the language of the individual region. Although language education in more often than not very good, there are no official bilingual institutions. The Catholic University of Louvain and the Free University of Brussels are divided into Flemish and Francophone parts. State universities are located in provincial towns. A high percentage of young people enter higher teaching (there were 307,000 students in college pedagogy in 2000).
Etiquette
There are not many interactions in the streets, as residential, working and leisure areas tend to be distinct. Among young people, especially Francophones,
A rock bridge crossing a culvert in Bruges. The north role of Belgium consists of isolated farms between villages, while the south tends to comprise larger groups of farms.
girls rarely shake easily only kiss other girls and boys.
Religion
Religious Beliefs. Catholicism is the primary religious faith. The government financially supports the Catholic and Protestant churches as well every bit the Jewish and Muslim faiths. The Cosmic Church building controls an important network of schools with 70 pct of the pupils in secondary teaching and two main universities. Religious beliefs and practise declined during the twentieth century, but approximately 65 percent of Belgians believe in God. Many people who say they do not believe in God accept role in religious rituals for major events such as baptisms, weddings, and funerals. Minority faiths include Muslims, Jews, and Protestants.
Medicine and Wellness Intendance
In that location is a modern health system with state, university, and private hospitals. Health insurance is mandatory and is paid for by employers. Cocky-employed people must accept insurance for major risks and pay according to their income.
Secular Celebrations
Many of import secular celebrations are linked to the ethnic identity of the Flemish and the Francophones. Labor Day on 1 May and World War I Armistice Twenty-four hours are national holidays. The National Mean solar day on 21 July commemorates the taking of an oath of fidelity to the Constitution by the commencement king, Leopold I (1790–1865). Mardi Gras is historic in several cities.
The Arts and Humanities
Support for the Arts. Aspiring artists and musicians receive training in evening schools that are free of charge and accessible in almost of the country. At the postsecondary level, there are many land-supported conservatories and art schools. An all-encompassing network of art galleries supports advanced and traditional artists. Museums in the chief cities as well support artists by buying some of their work and making it known to the public.
Literature. Sometimes it is denied that in that location is a Belgian literature, with merely Flemish and Walloon or French and Dutch writers who happen to exist Belgian citizens. Withal, authors such as Charles
A typical farm in West Flanders. Livestock raising is the most important sector of Belgian agronomics.
de Coster (1827–1879) and Emile Verhaeren (1855–1916), wrote in French on Flemish themes. Another important Francophone writer from Flanders was the symbolist Maurice Maeterlinck. The main nineteenth-century Flemish writers were Hendrik Conscience and Guido Gezelle. Flemish and Francophone writers contributed to important literary movements such as symbolism, surrealism, and magic realism. Important themes are the hardness of life, the questioning of the nature of reality, and the quest for original ways to get through life. The distrust of authorization was present in one of the oldest Flemish tales, Reynard the Fox, in which the small fox outsmarts the larger animals.
Graphic Arts. The aureate historic period of graphic arts lasted from the fourteenth century to the seventeenth century and was embodied mostly in painting. The Flemish Primitives school of painting (fourteenth and fifteenth centuries) made the region the main artistic center of Europe outside of Italy. Artists such every bit January Van Eyck (1395–1441) and Rogier Van Der Weyden (1400–1464) were interested in spatial limerick and psychology and rendered the colors and textures of living and material objects with realism. The main creative figure of the next century was Pieter Breughel the Elder (1525–1569), with his lively paintings of peasant life.
Pieter Paul Rubens (1577–1640) was the well-nigh famous painter of his time, receiving commissions from European sovereigns. His primary focus was on the human figure. Rubens influenced Anthony Van Dyk (1599–1641) and Jacob Jordaens (1593–1678). The graphic arts declined until the late nineteenth century, when James Ensor and René Magritte (in the twentieth century) revived the avant-garde. The nearly innovative works of living artists tin can exist seen in contemporary art museums in Antwerp and Ghent.
Performance Arts. The Franco-Flemish style dominated European music in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, with composers such as Josquin des Prez and Orlando di Lasso. In the twentieth century, the nearly famous Belgian musician was the vocaliser Jacques Brel. Several living classical composers are agile. The harmonica player Toots Thielemans is the most famous jazz musician. The Blindman Kwartet combines jazz, pop, and classical music.
The presence in Brussels between 1959 and 1987 of the French choreographer Maurice Béjart stimulated a new generation of choreographers. The master theatrical centers are De Singel in Antwerp and the Kaai Teater in Brussels. Several theaters and orchestras are supported past the government.
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—J EAN DE L ANNOY AND R UBEN A. 50 OMBAERT
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